The Effect of University Students' Levels of Knowledge about HPV Infection and the HPV Vaccine on Their Health Beliefs: Health Sciences Students.

The aim of this study was to determine health sciences students' levels of knowledge about HPV infection and the vaccine and their health beliefs, to compare them in terms of individual characteristics, and to examine the relationship between their knowledge of the HPV infection/vaccine and their health beliefs. The data of the study were collected from Health Sciences Faculty students through a face-to-face setting (n: 824). The data tools used in the study were the identification form, the health belief model scale for human papillomavirus infection and vaccination, and the human papillomavirus knowledge scale. The results showed that (1) although the students' levels of knowledge about HPV infection and the vaccine were low, (2) they did perceive HPV infection to be a severe problem. According to the multilinear regression analysis performed, the main predictor of the perceived severity (ß = 0.29; 95% Cl: 0.04, 0.07), obstacle (ß = 0.21; 95% Cl: 0.01, 0.04), and sensitivity (ß = 0.22; 95% Cl: 0.02, 0.06) subscales of the HBMS-HPVV was general HPV knowledge. It was also determined that as the students' knowledge about HPV increased, their health belief levels regarding HPV infection and the vaccine increased as well (n: 824). In conclusion, for nurses and other healthcare professionals to be effective in informing individuals, they should have knowledge of HPV infection and the vaccine. In this context, the necessary education and advice about the importance of HPV infection and the vaccine should be provided to students receiving education in the field of healthcare.

The effect of crossword puzzle activity used in distance education on nursing students' problem-solving and clinical decision-making skills: A comparative study.

AIM: The study was planned to determine the effect of crossword puzzle activity in distance education on nursing students' problem-solving and clinical decision-making skills. BACKGROUND: In online education, increasing nursing students' learning skills, motivations and participation is important. DESIGN: The study is a randomized-controlled trial. METHOD: The study sample consisted of 132 nursing students registered to the Pediatric Nursing distance course in the 2020-2021 academic year. 20 students who were assigned to the control group did not agree to participate in the study and did not fill in the data form. Accordingly, the study was completed with the participation of 112 students, with 66 students in the experimental group and 46 students in the control group. In the 14-week distance education, 20-question crossword puzzle activity per unit was applied to the students in the experimental group. The standards for reporting consort guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials were used to report this research. The students in the control group were taught in the form of presentation. At the beginning and end of the study, CDMNS and PSI were applied to the students. Ethics committee approval (Number: 2021/79) was obtained from the relevant university to conduct the research. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was found between pretest and posttest scores of the experimental group in PSI and CDMNS scales (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Crossword puzzle activity used in distance education developed the students' problem-solving and clinical decision-making skills.

The effect of nutritional attitudes of mothers as health care professionals on their children's eating behaviors / O efeito das atitudes nutricionais de mães que trabalham como profissionais de saúde sobre os hábitos alimentares de seus filhos

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to determine the effects of the attitudes of mothers as health care professionals and their sociodemographic characteristics on their children's eating habits. Methods The data of this descriptive and cross-sectional study were collected between January and March 2022, using a web-based survey of 386 mothers. Results The mean age of the mothers was 32.88±4.96 years, and the mean age of the children was 38.78±18.24 months. Regarding educational status, 62.7% of the mothers were university graduates, while 54.4% were nurses. A significant and positive correlation was found between the sub-dimensions of the Mother's Attitudes towards the Feeding Process Scale and the Behavioral Pediatric Feeding Assessment scale (p=0.000). According to the multiple regression analysis, the main determinant of the picky eaters sub-dimension of the Behavioral Pediatric Feeding Assessment scale was the mother's occupation (β=0.28; 95% Cl: 3.07, 6.50), the main determinant of the toddler refusal-general sub-dimension was negative affect during the meal (β=0.38; 95% Cl: 0.19, 0.32), the main determinant of the older children refusal - general sub-dimension was negative affect during the meal (β=0.30; 95% Cl: 0.16, 0.33), and the main determinant of the toddler refusal - textured foods sub-dimension was forced feeding (β=0.48; 95% Cl: 0.41, 0.63). Conclusion The study found that problems related to mothers' attitudes toward the nutrition process were moderate and that these problems were mainly caused by mothers' attitudes toward inadequate/unbalanced nutrition. It was also found that the children had moderate problematic eating behavior and eating habits.

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar os efeitos das atitudes das mães enquanto profissionais de saúde e das suas características sociodemográficas nos hábitos alimentares dos seus filhos. Métodos Os dados deste estudo descritivo e transversal foram recolhidos entre janeiro e março de 2022, através de um inquérito online aplicado a 386 mães. Resultados A média de idade das mães foi de 32,88±4,96 anos, e a média de idade das crianças foi de 38,78±18,24 meses. Relativamente ao nível de escolaridade, 62,7% das mães tinham formação universitária, enquanto 54,4% eram enfermeiras. Foi encontrada uma correlação significativa e positiva entre as subdimensões da Escala de Atitudes das Mães em relação ao Processo de Alimentação e a escala de Avaliação Comportamental da Alimentação Pediátrica (p=0,000). De acordo com a análise de regressão múltipla, o principal determinante da subdimensão "comedor exigente" da escala Avaliação Comportamental da Alimentação Pediátrica foi a ocupação da mãe (β=0,28; 95% Cl: 3,07, 6,50), o principal determinante da subdimensão "recusa geral de bebês" foi a falta de afetividade durante a refeição (β=0. 38; IC 95%: 0,19, 0,32), o principal determinante da subdimensão "recusa geral de crianças mais velhas" foi a falta de afetividade durante a refeição (β=0,30; IC 95%: 0,16, 0,33), e o principal determinante da subdimensão recusa de crianças mais velhas - alimentos texturizados foi a alimentação forçada (β=0,48; IC 95%: 0,41, 0,63). Conclusão O estudo concluiu que os problemas relacionados com as atitudes das mães em relação ao processo de alimentação eram moderados e que esses problemas eram causados principalmente pelas atitudes das mães em relação a uma alimentação inadequada/desbalanceada. Verificou-se também que as crianças tinham um comportamento alimentar e hábitos alimentares problemáticos moderados.

Fear of COVID-19 and related factors affecting mothers' breastfeeding self-efficacy during the pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the breastfeeding self-efficacy levels of mothers during the pandemic period, to compare them according to various characteristics, and to examine the relationship between the fear of COVID-19 and breastfeeding self-efficacy. METHOD: The data of this descriptive and cross-sectional were collected through a web-based survey of 392 mothers between June and August 2021. The data collection tools were the Introductory Data Form, the Breast-feeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form, and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. RESULTS: The mean score for breastfeeding self-efficacy was found to be 56.18 ± 8.24, while the mean score for the Fear of COVID-19 scale was 21.77 ± 6.14. Having a high fear of COVID-19, breastfeeding more frequently in this period, and suspecting that they had COVID-19 affected the breastfeeding self-efficacy scores positively, whereas graduating from primary school had a negative effect on self-efficacy. CONCLUSION: The breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers who were fearful of COVID-19, who breastfed more frequently during the pandemic, and who had a higher education level were positively affected.

Effect of antenatal educational intervention on maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy and breastfeeding success: a quasi-experimental study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of breastfeeding educational intervention given in the antenatal period on LATCH and breastfeeding self-efficacy scores. METHOD: A total of 80 pregnant who met the research criteria were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 40) or control (n = 40) groups. Pregnant women received to the control group received only standard care while breastfeeding education was accepted to the intervention group along with standard care. Both groups were visited at their home, and the personal data form, the LATCH Breastfeeding Assessment Tool, and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) were applied in the postpartum 1st week. End of the study, brochures prepared by the researcher were given to both groups. RESULT: The mean breastfeeding self-efficacy and LATCH scores were higher in the intervention group compared to the control group. Breastfeeding success was found to increase as the maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy perception increased. CONCLUSION: Breastfeeding education given in the antenatal period increased maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy perception and breastfeeding success in the postpartum 1st week period.Study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04757324.

Effects of health literacy education on adaptation to pregnancy, self-efficacy, fear of childbirth and health literacy in Turkish pregnant women: A randomized, controlled trial.

This research aims to evaluate the effects of health literacy (HL) education on Turkish pregnant women's adaptations to pregnancy, self-efficacy, fear of childbirth and HL levels. This was a randomised, controlled trial. The research was carried out in the Marmara region of Turkey between July 2018 and April 2019. This research was conducted with three groups including one control (n = 73) and two intervention (n = 109) groups. One of the intervention groups was given antenatal education (AE) for improving HL (HL-AE) (n = 53), and the other was provided AE (n = 56) only. A Pregnancy Information Form, Prenatal Self-Evaluation Questionnaire, Fear of Childbirth and The Postpartum Period Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale and Turkey Health Literacy Scale-32 were used for data collection. Results show that adaptation to pregnancy, general self-efficacy and HL levels significantly improved while fear of childbirth decreased in the group that was provided HL-AE intervention group. Additional when the pre-education and post-education scale scores were compared in the AE group, it was found that there was a significant difference in other scale scores, but not for fear of childbirth.

The relationship between caregiver burden and self-care agency of pregnant women with 0-6-year-old children.

AIM: This study aims to determine the relationship between the burden of care and self-care abilities of pregnant women with 0-6-year-old children and the factors affecting them. DESIGN: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey. METHODS: This study consisted of 348 pregnant women over the age of 18, with children between the ages of 0-6. RESULTS: The study determined that the self-care ability mean scores of mothers who have two or more children between the ages of 0-6 were low and the caregiver burden mean scores were high. The researcher found a negative correlation between the self-care ability scale scores and caregiver burden scale scores of pregnant women included in the study. These results are statistically significant and valuable in terms of revealing information about the caregiver burden and self-care ability of pregnant women with 0-6-year-old children.

Fear of COVID-19 and related factors affecting mothers' breastfeeding self-efficacy during the pandemic / O Medo da COVID-19 e Fatores Relacionados que Afetam a Autoeficácia do Aleitamento Materno durante a Pandemia / El Miedo al COVID-19 y Factores Relacionados que Afectan la Autoeficacia de Lactancia Materna durante la Pandemia

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to determine the breastfeeding self-efficacy levels of mothers during the pandemic period, to compare them according to various characteristics, and to examine the relationship between the fear of COVID-19 and breastfeeding self-efficacy. Method: The data of this descriptive and cross-sectional were collected through a web-based survey of 392 mothers between June and August 2021. The data collection tools were the Introductory Data Form, the Breast-feeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form, and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Results: The mean score for breastfeeding self-efficacy was found to be 56.18 ± 8.24, while the mean score for the Fear of COVID-19 scale was 21.77 ± 6.14. Having a high fear of COVID-19, breastfeeding more frequently in this period, and suspecting that they had COVID-19 affected the breastfeeding self-efficacy scores positively, whereas graduating from primary school had a negative effect on self-efficacy. Conclusion: The breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers who were fearful of COVID-19, who breastfed more frequently during the pandemic, and who had a higher education level were positively affected.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar los niveles de autoeficacia de lactancia materna durante la pandemia, compararlos según diversas características y examinar la relación entre el miedo al COVID-19 y la autoeficacia de lactancia materna. Método: Los datos del presente estudio descriptivo y transversal se recopilaron a través de una encuesta basada en la web con 392 madres, entre junio y agosto de 2021. Las herramientas de recopilación de datos fueron el Formulario de Datos de Introducción, el Formulario Breve de Escala de Autoeficacia de Lactancia Materna y la Escala de Miedo al COVID-19. Resultado: La puntuación media de autoeficacia de lactancia materna fue de 56,18 ± 8,24, mientras que la puntuación media de escala de miedo al COVID-19 fue de 21,77 ± 6,14. Tener un gran miedo al COVID-19, amamantar con mayor frecuencia en este período, y sospechar de COVID-19 afectó positivamente los puntajes de autoeficacia de lactancia materna, mientras que graduarse de la escuela primaria tuvo un efecto negativo en la misma autoeficacia. Conclusión: Conclusión: Se afectó positivamente la autoeficacia de lactancia materna de aquellas que tenían miedo al COVID-19, que amamantaron con mayor frecuencia durante la pandemia y que tenían un mayor nivel educativo.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar os níveis de autoeficácia do aleitamento materno durante a pandemia, compará-los de acordo com várias características e examinar a relação entre o medo da COVID-19 e a autoeficácia do aleitamento materno. Método: Os dados do presente estudo descritivo e transversal foram coletados por meio de uma pesquisa baseada na web com 392 mães, entre junho e agosto de 2021. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram o Formulário de Dados de Introdução, o Formulário Breve de Escala de Autoeficácia do Aleitamento Materno e a Escala de wMedo da COVID-19. Resultado: A pontuação média de autoeficácia do aleitamento materno foi de 56,18 ± 8,24, enquanto a pontuação média de escala de medo da COVID-19 foi de 21,77 ± 6,14. Ter um grande medo da COVID-19, amamentar com mais frequência nesse período e suspeitar da COVID-19 afetou positivamente as pontuações de autoeficácia do aleitamento materno, enquanto concluir o ensino fundamental teve um efeito negativo na mesma autoeficácia.Conclusão: Foi afetado positivamente a autoeficácia do aleitamento materno daqueles que tinham medo da COVID-19, que amamentavam com mais frequência durante a pandemia e que tinham um nível educacional mais elevado.

Effect of antenatal educational intervention on maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy and breastfeeding success: a quasi-experimental study / O efeito do apoio educacional pré-natal na autoeficácia da amamentação e na eficácia da amamentação: um investigação semi-experimental / El efecto del apoyo educativo prenatal en la autoeficacia y la eficacia de la lactancia materna: una investigación semi-experimental

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the effect of breastfeeding educational intervention given in the antenatal period on LATCH and breastfeeding self-efficacy scores. Method: A total of 80 pregnant who met the research criteria were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 40) or control (n = 40) groups. Pregnant women received to the control group received only standard care while breastfeeding education was accepted to the intervention group along with standard care. Both groups were visited at their home, and the personal data form, the LATCH Breastfeeding Assessment Tool, and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) were applied in the postpartum 1st week. End of the study, brochures prepared by the researcher were given to both groups. Result: The mean breastfeeding self-efficacy and LATCH scores were higher in the intervention group compared to the control group. Breastfeeding success was found to increase as the maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy perception increased. Conclusion: Breastfeeding education given in the antenatal period increased maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy perception and breastfeeding success in the postpartum 1st week period. Study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04757324.

RESUMO Objetivo: Inspecionar a influência da ajuda de treinamento em amamentação fornecida durante o processo pré-natal nos escores do LATCH e da autoeficácia da amamentação. Método: As gestantes, com número total de 80, que atendem aos critérios de investigação, foram arbitrariamente separadas em dois grupos, ou seja, um grupo de interferência (n = 40) e um grupo controle (n = 40). Enquanto as gestantes do grupo controle recebem apenas a cuidado normal, o grupo de interferência recebeu como extras os cuidados com a cuidado normal e o treinamento em amamentação. Ambos os grupos foram visitados em suas residências na primeira semana do puerpério e os formulários necessários à investigação, ou seja, o formulário de informações pessoais, LATCH Ferramenta de aproximação da amamentação e Formulários Curtos da Escala de Autoeficácia em Amamentação foram devidamente preenchidos. Etapa da investigação, foi entregue uma cartilha organizada pelo investigador para os dois grupos acima mencionados. Resultados: Comparado ao grupo controle, observou-se que o grupo interferência apresentou maiores médias de autoeficácia para amamentação e escores LATCH. Concluiu-se que quando se desenvolve a apreensão da mãe sobre a autoeficácia em amamentar, obviamente também se desenvolve a realização da amamentação. Conclusão: O treinamento em amamentação fornecido no período pré-natal desenvolveu a apreensão da autoeficácia da amamentação materna e a realização da amamentação na primeira semana do período pós-parto. A investigação é registrada em ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04757324.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Inspeccionar la influencia de la ayuda de capacitación en lactancia proporcionada durante el proceso prenatal en LATCH y las puntuaciones de autoeficacia en la lactancia. Metodo: Las gestantes, con un total de 80, que cumplieron con los criterios de investigación, fueron separadas arbitrariamente en dos grupos, es decir, un grupo de interferencia (n = 40) y un grupo de control (n = 40). Mientras que las mujeres embarazadas en el grupo de control solo reciben cura ordinaria, el grupo de interferencia recibió la cura ordinaria y capacitación en lactancia como extra. Ambos grupos fueron visitados en sus domicilios en la primera semana del puerperio y se cumplimentaron los formularios necesarios de la investigación, es decir, el formulario de datos personales, la Herramienta de Evaluación de Lactancia LATCH y los Formularios Breves de la Escala de Autoeficacia en la Lactancia Materna. Etapa de la investigación, se entregó un folleto organizado por el investigador a los dos grupos antes mencionados. Resultados: En comparación con el grupo de control, se observó que el grupo de interferencia tenía un promedio más alto de autoeficacia para amamantar y puntajes LATCH. Se concluyó que cuando se desarrolla la aprensión de la madre sobre la autoeficacia de amamantar, obviamente también se desarrolla el logro de amamantar. Conclusión: La capacitación en lactancia brindada en el período prenatal desarrolló la aprehensión de la autoeficacia de la lactancia materna y el logro de la lactancia materna en la primera semana del período posparto. La investigación está registrada en ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04757324.

The Effect of Cold Application on Relieving Drug Infusion-Related Pain in Children: A Randomized Controlled Experimental Trial in Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Parenteral IV drug administration in hospital environments can cause many complications at the infusion site. Nerve endings on the venous walls may be affected during antibiotic drug infusion, depending on the drug molecule, which results in pain. PURPOSE: This study aims to assess the effect of cold application on relieving drug infusion-related pain (lincosamide class clindamycin phosphate) in children. DESIGN & METHODS: This study included 120 pediatric patients (40 in the experimental, 40 in the placebo, and 40 in the control groups) aged 6 to 18 and hospitalized in a pediatric hospital. In the experimental group, a cold pack kept in the refrigerator was applied to the area above the IV catheter before drug infusion, while a cold pack kept at room temperature was applied in the placebo group. In the control group, drug infusion was routinely administered. RESULTS: The experimental, placebo and control groups' 5th minute mean VAS scores were 0.98 ± 2.17, 3.95 ± 4.08, and 4.73 ± 3.89, respectively (p < 0.001), being higher in the control and placebo groups compared to the experimental group. No difference was found between the groups based on the VAS measurements at the 10th minute (p = 0.053). A difference was found between the groups based on the VAS measurements at the 15th minute (p=0.026). The VAS score of control group was higher than that of the placebo group (p = 0.032). CONCLUSION: Cold application was effective in relieving drug infusion-related pain. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This method may be recommended for general use in clinics since it is easy-to-use and economic. This method can ease the treatment process between nurses and children and increase patient satisfaction.

Traditional practices and beliefs regarding nutrition of children in the 0-5 age group in western Turkey: a qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine mothers' knowledge about infant nutrition and traditional influence on feeding practices which may affect the nutritional status of infants and young children. METHODS: The qualitive research was carried out from May to June 2009 at a community health centre in Western Turkey, and comprised 20 mothers. Observation and semi-structured in-depth interviews were used for collecting data, which was later classified into four categories: procedures affecting mothers' breastfeeding decision; knowledge and beliefs regarding breastmilk; breastfeeding practices; and mothers' knowledge of and attitudes towards complementary nutritients/foods. The data was evaluated by theme analysis method. Even if a mother expressed an opinion other than the main theme, her views were taken into consideration. RESULTS: The participating mothers had a mean age of 27.15 +/- 7.10 years (range: 18-40 years). Of the 20 participants, 8 (40%) had primary eduaton; 10 (50%) were housewives; 13 (65%) had 1-2 children; and 6 (30%) had children 25 to 36 months old. Women generally had traditional beliefs related to breastfeeding practices and all of the infants were being breastfed. But the mother's anxiety about the sufficiency of breastmilk and social pressure led them to introduce complementary nutritients/foods early. CONCLUSION: Before preparing community-based programmes to improve infant nutrition, the opinions, beliefs and needs of the mothers should be taken into account.

Child-to-child training for prevention of school injuries in Odemis, Turkey.

Students encounter many risks for injury, which can impact their health and educational success; prevention of these injuries are paramount for school nurses. These article report results of a study conducted to determine the efficacy of training given to children regarding prevention of school injuries and to compare the effectiveness of instructor-to-child training to that of the child-to-child training method in affecting student attitudes toward the prevention of school injuries. An interventional teaching program was developed with the objective of positively impacting students' attitudes toward preventing school injuries. The health care training using instructor-to-child and child-to-child training produced a similar effect in changing the attitudes of students with respect to preventing school injuries. Given the high ratio of children to school nurses within the school systems in Turkey, nurses could consider the use of child-to-child training to supplement their own health care training to support changes in students' attitudes toward prevention of school injuries.

Difficulties of mothers living with mentally disabled children.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the difficulties of mothers living with children suffering from intellectual disabilities, and the influence of socio-demographic factors aggravating the situation. METHODS: The study was conducted from September to December 2009 in Odemis, Izmir in western Turkey, in one public-sector and two private-sector rehabilitation centres for disabled children. The research sample consisted of mothers with primary responsibility for 168 disabled children between the ages of 3 and 18 years. Data was collected using a pre-designed Personal Information Form, which had two sections. The first part contained 20 items about the socio-demographic data of the families and the children, their knowledge about mental disabilities and support for childcare. The second part consisted of 18 items which related to the most frequently encountered problems in terms of daily care, as well as the financial, psychological and social aspects. Data, collected through face-to-face interviews spanning 30-40 minutes, was analysed using analysis of variance and student's t test. RESULTS: Of the 168 mothers, 64 (38.1%) said they experienced sadness; 72 (42.9%) anger; and 32 (19.1%) felt lonely. As many as 92 (54.8%) mothers were blamed by their in-laws for the disability in their respective children. Only 50 (29.8%) parents in the study said they had "sometimes" felt acceptance of their disabled child. CONCLUSION: The psychological situation of parents with disabled children is an issue of particular concern, and psychological consultancy and guidance should be provided to such families to enable them to overcome their negative emotions and the consequent problems.

The influence of violent TV cartoons watched by school children in Turkey / Influencia de los dibujos animados violentos vistos en la televisión por escolares de Turquia

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to demonstrate the gender-specific impact of violence-oriented television cartoons on children, and to identify the behaviors demonstrating this influence. METHODS: The research was conducted on a total of 300 students chosen by a simple, random method applying a stratified weight in each school. A 20-question instrument was used for data collection, using face-to-face interviews with the students which occurred during visits to primary schools. RESULTS: A significant gender difference was noted between students' favourite cartoon shows, the type of influence those shows exerted, and the ways in which students imitated the behaviors of the cartoon characters (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It was noted that male children were influenced by violence-oriented cartoons more than female children, and that they imitated cartoon characters more.

OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a influência da violência nos desenhos animados da TV sobre as crianças de acordo com o gênero e o tipo de comportamentos que nelas é incutido. MÉTODOS: A investigação foi levada a cabo na Turquia ocidental, abrangendo amostra aleatória simples de 300 alunos com base no peso amostral estratificado de 18 escolas primárias. Os questionários foram aplicados por meio de entrevistas presenciais com os estudantes das escolas do 1º grau visitadas, que aceitaram participar neste estudo. RESULTADOS: O nivel de significância foi determinado segundo o gênero, com base no tipo de desenhos animados que as crianças preferiam as condições com que eram influenciadas e a capacidade de imitarem os personagens dos desenhos animados (p<0.05). CONCLUSÃO: As crianças do sexo masculino além de serem mais influenciadas pelo desenhos animados violentos do que as crianças do sexo feminino, também imitam mais os personagens de tais desenhos.

OBJETIVO: Demostrar la influencia de la violencia en los dibujos animados de la TV sobre los niños de acuerdo al género y al tipo de comportamientos que les es sugerido. MÉTODOS: La investigación se llevó a cabo en Turquia occidental, que abarcó una muestra aleatoria simple de 300 alumnos con base en el peso muestral estratificado de 18 escuelas primarias. Los cuestionarios fueron aplicados por medio de entrevistas presenciales con los estudiantes de las escuelas del 1º grado que fueron visitadas y que aceptaron participar en este estudio. RESULTADOS: El nivel de significancia fue determinado según el género, con base en el tipo de dibujos animados que los niños preferían las condiciones con que eran influenciadas y la capacidad de imitar a los personajes de los dibujos animados (p<0.05). CONCLUSIÓN: Los niños además de ser más influenciadas por los dibujos violentos que las niñas, también imitan más a los personajes de tales dibujos.

Supporting the need for home care by mothers of children with hemophilia.

This research is a descriptive study that took place in Turkey and was intended to determine the difficulties experienced by mothers of children with hemophilia in maintaining their care at home and establishing appropriate interventions. Research data were collected using a survey prepared by the researchers after reviewing the existing literature. The survey contained 2 sections: (a) questions about the mothers' sociodemographic data and (b) 5 questions about the difficulties that mothers with hemophiliac children experience. Mothers were observed to have not received education about accidents and first aid and were afraid that their child would have an accident (55%); they experienced difficulty finding medications (75%); they felt they needed healthcare personnel during medication administration (85%); and they were sad that their child was ill (80%). Pediatric haematology nurses should strive to educate mothers with hemophiliac children about the disease and how to deal with accidents, first aid, and medication administration; home care services should be organized and made available for all hemophiliac children and their families.

Effect of individualized education efforts by a nurse to increase self-care capacity in adoscent

OBJECTIVE: The objective of study was to increase the independent exercise of self-care agency in adolescents who are in their last year of primary school. METHOD: This is a quasi-experimentally study conducted with 58 students. The data for the research were collected by means of socio- demographic data form for adolescents, questionnaire to determine the self-care levels, maternal information questionnaire, mother's knowledge level questionnaire, education brochures for adolescents and self-care agency scale. RESULTS: As a result of the research it is seen that there is a remarkable increase in the self- care levels and agency of the adolescents statistically through individualized education. It was determined in the study that the positive communication between adolescents and mothers increased the self-care level and agency correspondingly. CONCLUSION: In this study carried out to increase the self-care levels and agency of adolescents, it was observed that adolescents' self-care agency and levels increased considerably as a result of personal interviews. Their mothers' knowledge level especially should be increased.

OBJETIVO: Aumentar o exercício independente da capacidade de autocuidado em adolescentes que estão no último ano do ensino básico. MÉTODO: Este estudo, do tipo quasi-experimental, foi realizado com 58 alunos. Os dados para a pesquisa foram obtidos por meio da coleta de dados sócio demográficos para adolescentes e de três questionários para determinar, respectivamente, os níveis de autocuidado,a "informação maternal" e o nível de conhecimento da mãe, assim como folhetos de educação para adolescentes e escala de capacidade de autocuidado. RESULTADOS: Observou-se estatisticamente que existe um considerável aumento nos níveis de capacidade de autocuidado dos adolescentes através de uma educação individualizada. Determinou-se que a comunicação positiva entre adolescentes e mães aumentou o nível de capacidade de autocuidado, respectivamente CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se que os níveis de autocuidado e capacidade para o mesmo, dos adolescentes aumentaram consideravelmente, como resultado da educação individualizada. O nível de conhecimento das suas mães deve ser aumentado particularmente.

OBJETIVO: Aumentar el ejercicio independiente de la capacidad de autocuidado en adolescentes que están en el último año de enseñanza básica. MÉTODOS: Este estudio, de tipo cuasi-experimental, fue realizado con 58 alumnos. Los datos para la investigación fueron obtenidos por medio de la recolección de datos socio demográficos para adolescentes y de tres cuestionarios para determinar, respectivamente, los niveles de autocuidado, la "información maternal" y el nivel de conocimiento de la madre, así como los folletos de educación para adolescentes y escala de capacidad de autocuidado. RESULTADOS: Se observó estadísticamente que existe un considerable aumento en los niveles de capacidad de autocuidado de los adolescentes a través de una educación individualizada. Se determinó que la comunicación positiva entre adolescentes y madres aumentó el nivel de capacidad de autocuidado, respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: Los niveles de autocuidado y capacidad para el mismo, de los adolescentes aumentaron considerablemente, como resultado de la educación individualizada. El nivel de conocimiento de su madre debe ser aumentado particularmente.